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【作者】赵广军 【导师】章开沅 【作者基本信息】华中师范大学，中国近现代史，2007年，博士 【摘要】 基督宗教是以圣经维系起来的信仰体系。它在中国传播的主要是新教和天主教两大宗派，统称为西教。晚清，以基督教历史和教义为主要内容的西教知识在中国知识界的传播，主要是通过几个思潮和潮流进行的。在这些思潮中，中国知识界对它的传播具有稳定性和连续性。本文选取了西教知识传播主体(传教士和中国各类文人)的文化活动、传播载体(各种载有西教内容的文本)的流传、传播途径三个方面，考察了它在几个思潮和潮流中传播所表现出的区别和共同点。主要是选取了几个对应项进行研究：传教士的文化活动与中国知识界的应对；西教宣教文本与中国知识界著述中关于西教内容的比较；传教士对宗教书籍的传播与中国知识界书籍传播方式的比较。从这些比较研究中，整理出西教知识在中国士流中传播的封闭性、稳定性和连续性特点。第一章首先考察了清政府对基督教弛禁前后西教文本传播情况。主要选择了道光十二年、十五年传教士在沿海冒险散书传教的三次活动作为问题分析切入点。在教禁时期，来华传教士集中于广州、澳门和南洋地区，主要从事印刷、编译等文化活动。宣教区域由于教禁而不能得到扩大。但是在道光朝，他们所面对的是教禁松动、洋防疲谢、鸦片走私猖獗、中外交涉频繁等有利政治...更多环境。故此，传教士冒险沿海北上中国，考察扩大宣教区域的可能性。三次沿海航行不仅是传教士的文化活动，它们在清廷所引起的政治恐慌更是一个政治事件。清廷以及沿海各地方当局对刊发传教书籍的追查促使教会以书籍传教方式的暂停，这与传教士三次航行散书的初衷相悖。他们所散之书，在语体和内容上都不能被传统知识界所接受。三次散书事件表现出西方教会宗教宣传迫切的主动性，而各级官员文人对之则多是驳斥和查禁的态度。这是弛禁前西教知识在中国传播初期两种态度的错位。第二章主要探讨了西教知识在传教士文化活动和新舆地学者之间传播的关系。西教知识在中国传统知识界中的传播首先要通过主流知识分子对之的文化检选，以使之纳入新舆地知识结构中，这样，西教知识才能借此在知识界得到广泛传播。道光、咸丰年间经世学风的转变是晚清局变中中国文化近代指向的一个标志。在经世致用目的的指引下，中国知识界掀起对边疆和世界史地研究的思潮。由于研究方法和研究对象的新时代特征，具有近代指向。在新舆地研究中产生了大量的著述，这些著述含载丰富的西教知识，它们直接来源于传教士沿海所宣传的宗教册子、明清时期的传统典籍以及著者与教士接触等几个主要途径。这些著述成为晚清知识界中西教知识传播的源头之一，它们在几代知识界中的影响也使其中含载的西教内容得到广泛的传播，并为此后反洋教思潮提供了了解西教的文本。第三章主要考察了 19世纪60年代逐步兴起的“走向世界潮流”对西教知识摄取并传播的历史现象。出洋的民间和官方文人身历西方基督教国家，直接感受其宗教生活和文化，在日记、游记中大量记载。这些文人在出洋前的知识准备中，多将新舆地思潮中的经典著作随身携带，以便了解西方情状，这是其了解西方基督教的知识储备。他们在西方基督教国家对西教的认识和理性判断不仅检验了其西教知识的准确度，更通过亲身的闻见而补充丰富之。他们在日记中大量记载了西教知识。应清廷日记呈交制度的规定，他们的日记被呈送清廷，也被民间和官方刊发传播。随着这些文本的流传，其中的西教知识在士流中也得到传播。它们甚至也影响了国内各级洋务官员、文人对教案、教务交涉中盲目排斥的态度，使之理性化。这也是西教知识在中国士流中传播的一个重要环节。第四章，论文讨论了晚清反洋教思潮中西教知识的传播情况，主要选择了反洋教运动中的文化反教部分，以书文揭贴中西教知识的传播为研究对象。这些书文揭贴中也大量存在被误解、歪曲的西教知识。对他们的文本流传和西教知识摄取途径的研究是解释其反教原因的关键。在文化因对上，传教士的文化宣教活动与中国文人的文化反教活动是相对存在的。针对教士的散书传教，地方士流以匿名书文揭贴作为反教的方式；针对教士宣教，各类文人主张以宣讲《圣谕广训》作为限制和反对西教传播的文化对策。揭贴中西教知识多来源于舆地思潮中的著述、走向世界潮流中的著述。它也是近代西教知识在中国知识界长期积累和传播的结果。它对晚明、清前中期以及晚清反教资源的挖掘，体现了中国传统知识界中西教知识的内发性传播方式。最后，本文尝试从时序中观察中国知识界对西教知识内发性传播的流变，并归纳出其表现出的特性。同时也分析了在晚清传统中国内发性文化、宗教结构逐渐解体的文化环境中，西教知识的传播情况。最后选择了一条延续在晚明降至晚清的“西教东源”说作为个案，来分析西教知识在文人中所表现出的内发性传播特性。【Abstract】 The Christianity religion is believed or accepted as true, especially by the Holy Bible. There were Protestantism and the Catholicism which were called for the Western religion by Chinese in late Qing dynasty. The Christianity's history and the religious doctrine usually composed the knowledge of the Western religion, and it spreads abroad in the Chinese intellectual circle through several ideological trends. In these ideological trends, its dissemination in the Chinese intellectual circle was steady and continuously.There are three objects of investigation, the disseminator' activity of the Western religion knowledge , the disseminator' text and the disseminator' approach ,in this article. The disseminator' activity comprises Missionary and Chinese each kind of writers. The disseminator' text is mainly those Chinese books that include the Western religion knowledge. As well as, the paper inspected the difference and the sameness which disseminates in several ideological trends displa...更多ys. There are several items to conduct the research. First, Missionary's cultural activity and the Chinese intellectual circle's reply; secondly, comparison of western religion between in the propaganda religion text and in the Chinese geography work; thirdly, the comparison in dissemination way between religious books of church and books of Chinese clerisy. From these researches of comparison, author has a judgment that the dissemination of the Western religion knowledge has closeness, the stability and the continuity in the Chinese scholar class.In the first chapter of this article, author study the history how books of Christianity disseminate in Qing Dynasty's government forbiddance relaxing to Christianity. The author mainly chose missionaries' three northward inshore activities in 1832, being Daoguang emperor'12th year, and in 1835,15th year. These hazardous activities can help us to take investigation on attitude of missionaries' propagandize. In the prohibition to Christianity's dissemination time, missionaries bide in Guangzhou, Macao and the Southeast Asia, they mainly are engaged in cultural activities and so on the printing, translation. Because of the religious prohibition, propaganda religion cannot be expanded in region. But in the Daoguang era, they faced the fact that the religious prohibition became less rigorous, the ocean guards less strict, opium smuggling wearily rampant, the negotiation between the Chinese and foreign being frequent. They were the advantageous political context to missionaries' sermon. Because of these reasons, the missionary took risked along China marine for the north, pried into the possibility of expansion propaganda. Not only three coastal navigations were missionary's cultural activity, but also they were political incident which caused scare in the Qing Dynasty government. The Qing center government and the coast local officeholderes forbided and investigated whom had published the books. It urged the missionary to break off dissemination of book. This result was reverse to wish of missionary'. These books which they had spread around all cannot be accepted in the language style and the content by the Chinese traditional intellectual circle. There display initiative and urgentment of the Western church' propaganda in there events, but all officeholders and intellectual all refuted and forbids it. There is an inconsistency between Chinese intellectual's attitude and missionary' in the time of religious prohibition.Second chapter has mainly discussed the dissemination between the knowledge of the Western religion of missionary and the geographer.The knowledge of western religion in the Chinese tradition intellectual circle was chosen in the first instance by elite of intellectual, in order that it was syncretized into system of Chinese geography, so the knowledge of Western religion can spread abroad in the intellectual circle. During the era of Daoguang and Xianfeng emperor, trend of statecraft made transformation for modernization in the late Qing Dynasty, which is a symbol of political situation. Under the goal of statecraft, the Chinese intellectual circle has raised ideological trend to research history and geography of world. The technique and the object of research had new characteristic and the modern direction. There were many works from study of new geography, those works contain much knowledge of Christianity, which they directly was compiled from the missionary's religious book, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty time ancient book and writing books ,and also from contact between intellectual circle and the missionary. These works' knowledge of Christianity become Sources of dissemination in the late Qing Dynasty, and they also make influences to spread widely the knowledge of Christianity in several generations of intellectual circle. At last it provided books for trend of anti- Christianity ideological with knowledge of Western religion.The third chapter mainly researches the trends of go-to-world rising gradually from the middle 19th century, in which the knowledge of Christianity was absorbed and disseminated. These folk and official writers arrived the Western Christianity country, and felt their religious life and the culture personally, in their diary and the travel notes; there were massive records of Christianity. Before abroad, these writers made much preparation about the West, and during abroad, they carried along with several books of geography in order to understand Western situation.Not only did they examine their Christianity' knowledge and changed the rational judgment and understanding to Christianity in these Christianity country, but also they renewed and enriched the knowledge of Christianity by oneself experience, even more to enrich. They had massively recorded the Western religion knowledge in their diary. The Qing government commanded that they must mail their diary back to China. These diaries were printed by folk and official organization in order to issue. With these text spreading, Christianity' knowledge also obtains the dissemination in the scholar class. It had even affected the domestic intelligentsia and functionary who took charge of foreign affairs, and inflected and changed their understandability to Christianity case and Christianity from anti- Christianity to impersonality, from blindness to sense perception. This is one important link which the Christianity' knowledge disseminates in the Chinese scholar class.Fourth chapter, the paper discussed intelligentsia' trend of thought of anti- foreigner and anti- Christianity in the late Qing Dynasty .At the same time, this chapter also study dissemination of Christianity' knowledge in the trend of thought. Author chooses intelligentsia as case from movement of anti- Christianity in order to study its culture reason. In fact, those local intelligentsia disseminated Christianity' knowledge by posting notice and publishing books. There are the massive misunderstood and misrepresent for Christianity' knowledge in these books, articles and posted notices.It is a key to study the dissemination of these books, articles and posted notices, and by this, we can explain why clerisy argued against or absorbed Christianity information.By corresponding study, we know that missionary's cultural propaganda and the Chinese writer's anti-Christianity is the relative existence. Against dissemination of the religion books, the local clerisy opposed it with the anonymous book, article and posted notice.All kinds of clerisy advocated speaking shengyuguangxun as a measure to limit and exclude dissemination of Christianity' knowledge, against the priest' propaganda.The knowledge of Christianity in the posted notice comes from new ideological trend of geography and the go-to-world trend.It is a result that the knowledge of Christianity disseminated in Chinese intelligentsia for long time in modern time.These measures come from the tradition of anti-Christianity from the Late Ming dynasty to the Late Ming, and this clue indicates that there is an endogenous dissemination in the Chinese tradition intellectual circle.At length, this paper tries to research that the endogenous dissemination of the Western religion in the Chinese intellectual circle transformed or transited from one state to another timely. From transformation or transition, we can conclude its dissemination's character. At the same time, the paper proved the consequence that the endogenous configuration of the Chinese religion and culture in Late Qing dynasty took disaggregating gradually, and how, in this disaggregating, the knowledge of the Western religion spread abroad. It is a must to choose a case study to affirm it to be testify that from Late dynasty to Late Qing dynasty there is a clue, fashioning in Chinese intellectual circle, that the Western religion origins from Cathay. The creation and fashion of this opinion substantiate endogenous dissemination to be existent in Chinese intellectual circle and represent its characteristic of dissemination. |
